Intangible culture with Related Tags
Wood carving (rosewood carving)
Traditional red sandalwood carving techniques are mainly used in the production of traditional Ming and Qing Dynasty palace furniture. They represent the highest level of woodworking technology at that time and have special style characteristics. Red sandalwood carving is handmade, and its carving techniques are diverse, integrating various techniques such as line carving (positive carving, negative carving), shallow relief, deep relief, flat carving, round carving, hair carving, and openwork carving. The works are based on wood, carved instead of pen, and painted with knives. The composition is lush and full, the knife technique is vigorous and bold, and the picture is deep and far. The themes of the works are wide-ranging, mainly landscapes, flowers, birds and beasts, and antiques. Its patterns and patterns contain good wishes for good luck, many children and blessings, longevity, and a prosperous official career. The mortise and tenon structure carving used in red sandalwood furniture is even more precise and ingenious. No nails are used throughout the body, and it relies entirely on the mortise and tenon fit, and the parts are inseparable. Its precise craftsmanship and tight fit, without any room for error, give people a sense of seamlessness, which is beyond the reach of modern mechanical technology. The production of sandalwood carving artworks requires more than a dozen processes, including wood drying, cutting, sawing, assembly, manual pounding, carving, cleaning, polishing, waxing, etc. The production of a sandalwood carving work takes at least one year, and at most several years. With the changes of the times and the development of large-scale industrial processes, mechanical production has long penetrated into every link of traditional furniture manufacturing, and the traditional red sandalwood carving craft is facing the crisis of extinction.
Cloisonné production techniques
Beijing cloisonné technique is also known as "copper-based cloisonné enamel". It was named "cloisonné" because it matured during the reign of Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty. The technique is to use copper as the base, flatten the thin copper wire and make various patterns by hand, pinch, weld and stick it on the body, and then apply enamel glaze. After firing, polishing, gilding and other processes, the finished product is finally made. Cloisonné technique is the product of the combination of foreign enamel technique and local metal enamel technique. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Imperial Household Supervision and the Imperial Household Department both set up enamel workshops in Beijing dedicated to the royal family, and the technique went from maturity to glory. In modern times, due to social unrest, Beijing cloisonné technique once declined. After 1949, due to the active protection and support policies adopted by the state, this ancient technique was rapidly restored and developed. Beijing cloisonné technique is complex and has many processes. It combines bronze and enamel techniques, inherits traditional painting and metal engraving techniques, and reflects the tradition of mutual learning and reference between traditional Chinese crafts. Cloisonné products are elegant in shape, elaborate in patterns, and colorful in color. They have the characteristics of court art, giving people an artistic feeling of "roundness, firmness, and golden splendor". They have high artistic value and have participated in many important exhibitions at home and abroad, winning honors for the motherland. They are also often presented as state gifts to foreign guests. Under the impact of the market economy, due to the poor operation of some practitioners, the artistic quality and skill level of Beijing cloisonné have declined, and a large number of inferior products have flooded the market, which has a bad impact. The authentic cloisonné production factories are either bankrupt or endangered, and there are only a few cloisonné production masters and successors with superb skills. If they are not rescued and protected, this excellent skill will decline or even be lost.
Glass firing technique
Colored glaze is a common name for low-temperature lead-glazed pottery. It is a decorative material commonly used in palaces, mausoleums, temples, pagodas and other buildings. After long-term production practice, colored glaze has reached a considerable height in terms of modeling style, decorative style, and craftsmanship. Colored glaze architecture organically combines Chinese traditional ceramic culture and architectural culture, becoming an architectural form with strong national characteristics and cultural connotations. Colored glaze production is widely distributed in Shanxi Province, mainly in Taiyuan, Yangcheng, Hejin, Jiexiu and other places. Taiyuan began to produce colored glaze around the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and has never stopped since then. The Su family is the most famous for firing colored glaze locally. The firing of colored glaze in Yangcheng began in the Yuan Dynasty and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The firing site was originally in the East Gate of the county seat, and later moved to Houzeyao Village. Among them, the Qiao family was the most famous. The firing of Hejin colored glaze also began in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, mainly concentrated in the East and West Yaotou Villages in the west of the city. The Lv family is a local colored glaze family. Jiexiu is an early area in Shanxi where colored glaze was produced. Colored glaze was already used in the local temple buildings in the Tang Dynasty. It reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty, leaving behind many historical sites. Beijing is the former capital of the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Colored glaze can be seen in a large number of palaces, gardens, tombs, pagodas, temples and other buildings. The production of colored glaze in Beijing began in the Liao Dynasty. There are now ruins of Liao Dynasty kilns in Longquanwu Village, Longquan Town, Mentougou District. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the government set up a colored glaze kiln in Liuliqu Village, Mentougou, which was called "official kiln" or "Western kiln". During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Mentougou official kiln flourished. The colored glaze firing technique of Liuliqu Village was introduced to Beijing by the Zhao family of colored glaze in Yuci County, Shanxi Province. The kiln fired colored glaze according to the regulations of the Ministry of Industry in the Qing Dynasty, which has always been regarded as the standard official firing method. It usually takes more than ten days and more than twenty procedures to fire a colored glaze product. First, the clay is selected, crushed, screened, washed, and refined into a shape. After drying, it is fired in a kiln, commonly known as "plain firing". Then it is glazed and fired in a kiln, known as "color firing". Nowadays, with the decline of traditional architectural forms, the demand for colored glaze is gradually decreasing. In addition, due to environmental problems in the coal kiln firing of colored glaze, coupled with the shrinking industry, loss of personnel, and abandoned production skills, the traditional craft of colored glaze firing is on the verge of extinction and urgently needs the attention of relevant parties.
Heritage with Related Tags
Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque
Palenque is an example of a Maya sacred site from the Classic period, which reached its peak between 500 and 700 AD and whose influence spread throughout the Usumacinta River valley. The elegance and craftsmanship of the architecture, as well as the lightness of the reliefs with Maya mythological themes, are testament to the creative genius of this civilization.
Wooden Churches of Maramureş
These eight churches are outstanding examples of a range of architectural solutions from different periods and regions. They demonstrate the diversity of design and craftsmanship employed in these narrow, tall wooden buildings, with their distinctive tall, slender bell towers located at the western end of the buildings, with single or double roofs covered with wooden tiles. As such, they are a unique vernacular expression of the cultural landscape of northern Romania’s mountainous regions.
Guojiagou Scenic Area
Guojiagou Village is located in the eastern part of Xiaying Town. It is surrounded by mountains and lakes, with beautiful scenery, sweet springs and delicious goods, and simple folk customs. There are dense pine and cypress trees on the mountain, and fruit trees under the mountain are full of flowers and fruits. It is a beautiful mountain village with beautiful mountains and clear waters. There are 46 households in the village, and 11 farmhouse hotels in the village. Now the appearance of Guojiagou Village is getting newer and newer. The whole village has cement roads, a 1,000-meter green corridor, a lotus pond, and fitness venues. The living standards of the people are constantly improving. In addition to the unique ecological landscape and beautiful ecological environment, Guojiagou Village has also developed an ecological and environmentally friendly green industry, the deep processing of craft gourds. Look at the gourds of various shapes on the display cabinet of Fulu in Saishang Water Village, plus the exquisite carving of Teacher Laohua, which are very beautiful and have great ornamental and collection value. In the past two years, Guojiagou Village has fully relied on its inherent natural environment advantages to develop ecological agriculture and run farmhouse inns, turning Guojiagou into a professional tourist village with a prominent mountain village style, distinct ecological characteristics, and the best living environment.