Jinping is a famous artificial forest area in southern my country and one of the best central production areas of Chinese fir in China. Its artificial afforestation history began in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and was popularized in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, with a history of 500 years. In the early days, forest farmers spontaneously planted trees to make a living, and later it was praised by successive governments. According to the "Jiang Family Tree" preserved in Wendou Village, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620), the people of Wendou "only knew how to dig ditches and build fields, dig mountains and plant fir, and were unwilling to invite teachers to study, move their children to seek fame, and were asked about the four etiquette, but they were all ignorant." This is called "digging mountains and planting fir", which is artificial afforestation. This is the earliest record of artificial afforestation by ethnic minorities in Southeast Guizhou, and it is also an early record of artificial commercial timber forests in my country. Traditional artificial afforestation is a social production labor. Its afforestation technology embodies the efforts and wisdom of the vast number of forest farmers. It is the advanced experience and methods they have explored and summarized in long-term production practice. It runs through the basic theory of forestry and is a scientific and practical forestry technology that is still used today. According to its production process, artificial afforestation can be divided into several links, such as seed collection, seedling cultivation, mountain smelting, planting, and nurturing and management. It is a complete system project. According to the Jinping County Chronicles, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, forest farmers in Yanhe and Jiuzhai in the county had mastered the scientific method of raising seedlings with leather pads, and the technology of artificially cultivating Chinese fir had reached a relatively high level. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, with the development of timber trade in Jinping County, artificial planting of Chinese fir had become the second most important production activity for the people in the county after field cultivation. A large number of forestry contracts for hiring workers to plant and afforest on the mountain were produced, which are still preserved among the people and are precious folk legal documents. By the Republic of China period, most forest farmers had mastered the planting technology of fast-growing and high-yield forests. Artificial afforestation attaches great importance to seed collection. The collection of tree seeds in Jinping County has always been the most important for Chinese fir, followed by seeds of economic forests such as tung oil and tea oil. When collecting seeds, forest farmers in the county pay great attention to choosing good mother trees and seed collection seasons. Choose mother trees that are 20-30 years old, grow in the sun, are isolated trees, forest edge trees or sparse forests, and are vigorous, free of pests and diseases, and mechanical damage. Collect the cones on the branches in the middle of the crown on the sunny side. The large cones are called "mother fruits" with good seed quality, and the small ones are called "male fruits" with poor seed quality. It is not good to collect seeds from Chinese fir too early or too late. Generally, it is best to collect seeds before the frost. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, forest farmers in Jinping Yanhe and Jiuzhai and other places mastered the scientific seedling raising method, and the artificial cultivation technology of Chinese fir has reached a relatively high level. "When spring comes, first dung the soil, cover it with weeds, burn it after it is dry, and then spread the seeds on the soil surface, protect it with Chinese fir branches, and thicken the air to prevent it from sprouting. When the seedlings first emerge, they are called Chinese fir seedlings, and they are moved again after they emerge." On the selected land, remove weeds and bushes, dry and burn them. After burning, turn the soil over and break up the soil, pour manure and cover the branches and weeds and burn them. Repeat this three times, which is called "three burns and three digs" to loosen the soil and kill grass seeds and insect eggs. Remove the burned soil and use a wide and thick fir bark without holes as the bottom, and then cover the burned soil about six inches. Dig trenches and build beds to level them, sprinkle full and shiny seeds, and cover them with a sieve. The thickness of the fine soil layer is two to three times that of the seeds. In the seventh and eighth months of the lunar calendar every year, on the selected barren hills, use a knife to remove weeds and bushes, wait until they are dry and burn them. In the winter and twelfth month, the whole land is dug up. In the early spring of the following year, the soil is smashed, the weeds and tree roots are removed, and holes are dug to transplant fir seedlings. Therefore, there is a saying that "seven cuts and eight fires, digging in winter and twelfth month, and planting young fir in the eighth spring of the next year." When transplanting fir seedlings into the hole, the tip of the ball should face downhill, the main root should stand upright in the center of the hole, and the lateral roots should stretch out in all directions. Fill the topsoil first, then fill the heart soil. When it is half filled, lift the seedling and gently pull it up to make the root system more stretched. The filling height should be slightly higher than the root and stem of the seedling to form a convex shape. Use your feet or the back of the hoe to compact the soil, but be careful not to tighten it too much. If the soil is too loose and the roots cannot be in close contact, the seedlings are easy to die. If it is too tight, it is easy to harden, which is not conducive to the growth of seedlings. After planting, the hole surface is convex to prevent water accumulation. Insert a palm-sized tree protection sign five or six inches above the seedling to prevent the soil and rocks rolling down the slope from crushing the seedlings. Artificial afforestation is "three parts planting and seven parts management". The most common way of tending is to replace tending with cultivation, that is, intercropping corn in the forest land to promote forest with fertilizer, which can not only harvest food, but also achieve the purpose of cultivating young forests. The tending of young forests can be divided into hoe tending, knife tending and a combination of knife and hoe. Within 3 years from the time the seedlings are planted to before they are completely closed, forest farmers generally use the hoeing method, that is, use the hoe to loosen the soil and remove weeds. There is a saying that "never leave the hoe for three years"; within 4 or 5 years, the young forest enters a rapid growth period, and the knife and hoe are used in combination. First, the weeds are removed with the knife, and then the soil around the young forest is loosened and turned over with the hoe to remove the grass roots and build up the soil; in subsequent years, the weeds are removed with the knife until the forest is completely closed, hence the folk forestry aphorism "three years with the hoe and four years with the knife. If you coax it, it coaxes you." The Wendou Six Prohibitions Stele, which is now preserved in Wendou and engraved in the 38th year of Qianlong (1773), stipulates that "no matter whether it is a fir tree near or far, big or small, children are not allowed to cut it down. If they violate the rules, they will be fined 10 taels of silver." "No random felling or picking is allowed in the four oil mountains. If anyone violates the rules, they will be fined 5 taels of silver." The Jiunan Shuikoushan Forest Protection Stele stipulates that "if anyone steals and cuts down a large tree, he will be fined 3 taels of silver and apologized outside." "After the trees in the surrounding water mouths are planted, the branches are not allowed to be cut down. If anyone violates the rules, he will be fined 5 cents of silver." These forest protection behaviors are all carried out spontaneously by the people, with a strong awareness of ecological protection. By the Republic of China period, most forest farmers in the county had mastered the planting technology of fast-growing and high-yield forests. In the early days of liberation, "eighteen-year-old fir" and "twelve-year-old fir" were found in Wanfeng, Kuidan, Jiaodong, Datong, Xiaojiang and other places in the county, and "eight-year-old fir" was found in Longgeng at a lower altitude. Today, the forest coverage rate has risen from 32.5% in 1983 to 58.1%. During this period, a large number of contracted afforestation, base engineering forests and World Bank loan afforestation were carried out, with rural forest farms and joint-household forest farms as the main body, and a batch of advanced models such as Kuidan Forest Farm, Xiaojiang "March 8" Forest Farm, Caiyuan Forest Farm, and Chunlei Forest Farm emerged. Before liberation, most of the mountain and forest land was in the hands of landlords and gentry. Farmers without land could only rent mountains and buy mountains for afforestation. The afforestation form also developed from the initial spontaneous farming or "joint planting" of farmers to the later shareholding afforestation, forming a variety of business models. Jinping artificial afforestation can be divided into seed collection, seedling cultivation, mountain smelting, planting and nurturing management according to the production process. From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the 1970s, after the exploration and accumulation of forestry workers and forest farmers, a set of scientific methods for artificial seedling cultivation technology was formed. Each link has its own set of technical operation procedures, which are linked together and indispensable, forming a complete system engineering. This kind of social production labor involves the vital interests of all parties involved in afforestation (such as afforestation by renting a mountain, afforestation by hiring workers, etc.), and requires an appropriate means or relationship to maintain, adjust and regulate the rights and obligations of all parties, and a large number of forestry contracts have emerged. The forestry contract culture derived from artificial afforestation has very important reference value for our research on the economic and social development history of the ancient and modern Miao and Dong ethnic groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Qingshui River, mainly in Jinping, and the legal relationship between production and trade. Traditional artificial afforestation technology embodies the hard work and wisdom of the vast number of forest farmers. It is an advanced method experience summarized by them in long-term production practice. It runs through the basic theoretical knowledge of forestry. It is a scientific and practical forestry technology that has been used to this day. Protecting and inheriting this custom has important reference value for studying forestry. The ecological forestry concept of "cutting and afforestation at the same time" not only benefits forest farmers from afforestation, but also better protects the ecological environment and promotes the sustainable development of forestry. After the founding of New China, artificial afforestation in Jinping has developed rapidly. (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.) (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.)