Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Ancient City of Aleppo' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| The Ancient City of Aleppo (Arabic: xd9x85xd8xafxd9x8axd9x86xd8xa9 xd8xadxd9x84xd8xa8 xd8xa7xd9x84xd9x82xd8xafxd9x8axd9x85xd8xa9xe2x80x8e, romanized:xc2xa0Madxc4xabnat xe1xb8xa4alab al-Qadxc4xabma) is the historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria. | WIKI |
| Before the Syrian Civil War, many districts of the ancient city remained essentially unchanged since its construction during the 12th to the 16th century. | WIKI |
| Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build cell-like quarters and districts that were socially and economically independent. | WIKI |
| The Old City of Aleppo xe2x80x93 composed of the ancient city within the walls and the old cell-like quarters outside the walls xe2x80x93 has an approximate area of 350 hectares (860 acres; 3.5xc2xa0km2), housing more than 120,000 residents. | WIKI |
| Many sections in the Al-Madina Souq and other medieval buildings in the ancient city were destroyed and ruined or burnt as a result of clashes between the Syrian Arab Army and the rebel forces of Jabhat al-Nusra, in what is called the Battle of Aleppo, launched by the opposition JN armed groups on 25 September 2012. | WIKI |
| [3] In February 2014, the opposition groups of the Islamic Front claimed responsibility for destroying a series of major historic buildings being used as fortified bases by the Syrian Army in the old city including the justice palace, the Carlton hotel and the old building of the city council. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Origins and founding 2 Historical timeline 2.1 Pre-history and pre-classical era 2.1.1 Early Bronze Age 2.1.2 Middle Bronze Age 2.1.3 Late Bronze Age 2.1.4 Iron Age 2.2 Classical antiquity 2.3 Medieval period and the expansion of the city 3 Main sights 3.1 Souqs and Khans 3.2 Historic buildings 3.3 Madrasas 3.4 Places of worship 3.5 Gates 3.6 Hammams 4 Districts and subdivisions 5 Preservation of the ancient city 6 See also 7 References 8 External links | WIKI |
| Lying on the left bank of Queiq River the ancient city was surrounded by a circle of eight hills surrounding a prominent central hill on which the castle (originally a temple dating to the 2nd millennium BC) was erected in the shape of an acropolis. | WIKI |
| [8] With an approximate area of 160 hectares (400 acres; 1.6xc2xa0km2), the ancient city was enclosed within a historic wall of 5xc2xa0km (3xc2xa0mi) in circuit that was last rebuilt by the Mamlukes. | WIKI |
| The newer Jdeydeh quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal from Aleppo. | WIKI |
| As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of the ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries. | WIKI |
| Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists, since the modern city occupies its ancient site. | WIKI |
| Aleppo appears in historical records as an important city much earlier than Damascus. | WIKI |
| Alexander the Great took over the city in 333 BC. | WIKI |
| Medieval period and the expansion of the city[edit] | WIKI |
| On 9 August 1138 CE, a deadly earthquake ravaged the city and the surrounding area. | WIKI |
| After Tamerlane invaded Aleppo in 1400 and destroyed it, the Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their own cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of Jdeydeh. | WIKI |
| Mention is made of the city, by one of the witches, in William Shakespeare's Macbeth, written between 1603 CE and 1607 CE. | WIKI |
| Various types of 13th and 14th centuries constructions, such as caravanserais, caeserias, Quranic schools, hammams and religious buildings are found in the old city. | WIKI |
| The city's strategic trading position attracted settlers of all races and beliefs who wished to take advantage of the commercial roads that met in Aleppo from as far as China and Mesopotamia to the east, Europe to the west, and the Fertile Crescent and Egypt to the south. | WIKI |
| Other traditional souqs and khans in Jdeydeh quarter (outside the walled city): | WIKI |
| The most significant historic buildings of the ancient city include: | WIKI |
| The Citadel, a large fortress built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50xc2xa0m (164xc2xa0ft) above the city, dates back to the first millennium BC. | WIKI |
| Al-Shibani Church-School of the 12th century, an old church and school of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary located in the old city, currently used as a cultural centre. | WIKI |
| When the Crusaders were pillaging the surrounding countryside, the city's chief judge converted the cathedral into a mosque. | WIKI |
| The old part of the city is surrounded with 5-kilometre-long (3.1-mile) thick walls, pierced by the nine historical gates (many of them are well-preserved) of the old town. | WIKI |
| Aleppo was home to 177 hammams during the medieval period, until the Mongol invasion when many vital structures in the city were destroyed. | WIKI |
| Nowadays, roughly 18 hammams are operating in the old city. | WIKI |
| Old quarters around the citadel inside the walls of the ancient city: | WIKI |
| Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city: | WIKI |
| Preservation of the ancient city[edit] | WIKI |
| After World War II, the city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect Andrxc3xa9 Gutton had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. | WIKI |
| Between 1954-1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and Bab al-Jinan). | WIKI |
| Several international institutions joined efforts with local authorities and the Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. | WIKI |
| The governorate and the municipality were implementing serious programmes directed towards the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter. | WIKI |
| The German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and Aga Khan Foundation (within the frames of Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme) had a great contribution in the preservation process of the old city. | WIKI |
| The local representative of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture from 1999 until 2008 was the architect Adli Qudsi, who played a large role in the protection of the Old City form the destructive forces of urban expansion. | WIKI |
| Located at the crossroads of several trade routes since the 2nd millennium B.C., Aleppo was ruled successively by the Hittites, Assyrians, Akkadians, Greeks, Romans, Umayyads, Ayyubids, Mameluks and Ottomans who left their stamp on the city. | UNESCO |
| The Citadel, the 12th-century Great Mosque and various 16th and 17th-centuries madrasas, residences, khans and public baths, all form part of the city's cohesive, unique urban fabric. | UNESCO |
| The monumental Citadel of Aleppo, rising above the suqs, mosques and madrasas of the old walled city, is testament to Arab military might from the 12th to the 14th centuries. | UNESCO |
| The walled city that grew up around the citadel bears evidence of the early Graeco-Roman street layout and contains remnants of 6th century Christian buildings, medieval walls and gates, mosques and madrasas relating to the Ayyubid and Mameluke development of the city, and later mosques and palaces of the Ottoman period. | UNESCO |
| Outside the walls, the Bab al-Faraj quarter to the North-West, the Jdeide area to the north and other areas to the south and west, contemporary with these periods of occupation of the walled city contain important religious buildings and residences. | UNESCO |
| Fundamental changes to parts of the city took place in the 30 years before inscription, including the destruction of buildings, and the development of tall new buildings and widened roads. | UNESCO |
| Many periods of history have left their influence in the architectural fabric of the city. | UNESCO |
| Surrounding the citadel within the city are numerous mosques from the same period including the Madrasah al Firdows, constructed by Daifa Khatoun in 1235. | UNESCO |
| The boundary of the property follows the line of the walls of the old city and three extra-muros areas: North, Northeast and East suburbs. | UNESCO |
| Although the Citadel still dominates the city, the eight storey hotel development in the Bab al-Faraj area has had a detrimental impact on its visual integrity, as have other interventions before inscription. | UNESCO |
| Since inscription, the layout of the old city in relation to the dominant Citadel has remained basically unchanged. | UNESCO |
| Conservation efforts within the old city have largely preserved the attributes of the Oustanding Universal Value. | UNESCO |
| The historic and traditional handicraft and commercial activities continue as a vital component of the city sustaining its traditional urban life. | UNESCO |
| In 1999, the Directorate of the Old City was established under the Municipality of Aleppo to guide the rehabilitation of the old city with three departments covering studies and planning; permits and monitoring, and implementation and maintenance. | UNESCO |
| A comprehensive plan for the evolution of the city is being prepared by the Old City Directorate office. | UNESCO |
| The city's development is being considered under the 'Programme for Sustainable Urban Development in Syria' (UDP), a joint undertaking between international agencies, the Syrian Ministry for Local Administration and Environment, and several other Syrian partner institutions. | UNESCO |
| The programme promotes capacities for sustainable urban management and development at the national and municipal level, and includes further support to the rehabilitation of the Old City. | UNESCO |